Industrial chemistry

                   >  Process - Glass are made by heating mixtune that nearly always consist of silica call & dry powder or metallic oxides. - Most glass are manufactun by a process in which raw-mateutials are converted at high temperature to a homogejeaus melts , that is then form in to an article. -  Raw mateutials are selecting acrourding the properties purity supply, cost etc . - Silica sand is most common in goradiant all most type of glasses.  - limp-Stones is a sourvr of colcium soda ash is Source of Sadium and bore and Boutic acid is Source of borone. - Broken gloss Usually termed as collected is used as a batch material to enhance glass melting and to resuce the amount of dust and other particular matter that aften a companies a batch mads exculsively from fresh raw-mateuial. - Tipically 10 to 151% of glass batch is the comprised of collect. - More efficient of operation as used in the c...

Refining of rubber - Refining of rubber there are main two types in process: 1) Break down  2) compounding 1) Break down - The polymeric chain of the rubber are broken by masticating or kneading by the warm roller after this porocess the rubber losses reveuisibility. 2) Compounding - during break down process imidiately the heat compound are added to get desine Product. They ane many agent add like. 1) Rain forcing agent. 2) Inert fillter 3) age resistan antioxidants 4) Softner & Extenders 5) Colur & pigment 6) vulcamization agent. 7) accelerator 8) Aceleuiator activator 9) peptizer. 1) Rain forcing agent - They aure imcrease the Strength & rigidity and tensile sturength Example :  zink oxide.carbon black magnesium canbonate. 2) Inert filten - Filter improve the hardness. They protect in abbraction. For e.g Stone, tulkem powder, carbon black. 3) softner extenders - Softner & extenders th...

 Rubber is a name of a matenrial which come Strate & Shrinkage. - Rubber is a polymer either peroduced by a natural Source Can be synthesis on an industusial scale. - Rubbeut is also known as elastomer is a high Polymeulr having elastic propenties. - Elasticity & rabberness is the most important Properties of rubber. - on strching it elongate to nearly 200% of its original dimentational &  quickely reaction to it's original Shape when Strching fouice is a remove. >   Importance of application of ruubber  properties of rubber(natural & synthetic rubber) 1)  Grood tensile Strength. 2) High flexibility 3) good electrical resistance 4) good chemical resistance 5) good Abrasion resistance 6) good resilience 7) high elasticity 8) low condudivity 9) low permeability to air, grases & Liquids. - Rubber are use manufacture of large no. of puroducts such as, tyres, v-belts, conveyor belts rubber lined tanks, m...

Water Pollutants and their Sources The variois types of water pollutants are:- 1) Oxyres-demanding wastes :- These Include domestic and aninal sewage, bio-degradable organic compounds'and industrial wastes from food-processing plants, meat-packing plants, slaughter houses paper and pulp mills, tunnerjes etc, as well as agricultural run-off. All these wastes undergo degradation and decomposition by bacterial activity in presence of dissolved oxygen This result in rapid depletion of D.O. from the water, which is harmful to aqualic organisms. The optimum D.O. in natural waters is 4-6 ppm, which is essential for supporting aquatic life Any decrease in this D.O. value is an index of pollution 2) Disease-causing wastes :- These include pathogenic microorganisms which may enter the war along with sewage and other wastes and may cause tremendous damage to public heath These microbes comprising mainlyof viruses and bacteria can cause dangerous water borne diseases such as c...

1) Industrial Production Of Precipitated Silica   >  Reaction Na²Sio³ + H²So4  ------> Na²So4 + Sio² Sodium   Sulphuric       Sodium  Silica Silicate    Acid                 Sulphat                                                                      +H²O                                            Water >  Process - Precipitated silica is produced by a reation of the sodium silicate & sulphuric acid . - First of all pure sodium silicate is taken in dilution tank, whare it is diluted by water. - Now dilution of solution is taken in a reactor in the reactor H²So4 is...

1) Glass Thermometer - The glass thermometer is one of the best & most common type of temperature measuring device.  - The unit consist of a glass enveloped a responsible liquid & indicating scale. - The envelope compressed a thick wall glass tube which a capillary tube & a cylindrical bulb filled with the liquid. - The two parts are based & fused in together & top end of the capitllary tube is shilied. - The size of the capillary depends on the size of the sensing bulb, responsive liquid & the desired temperatylture range of the insturument - The changes in the temperature will caused the fluid tube expamded & rise up to the capillary. - Sibce the area of the capillary is much less than the bulb. - The relatively small changes of fluid volumme, will results in significant fluid rise in the capillary. - The thermometer bulb usyally filld with mercury >  Chracteristics 1) Simplicity of used & relative...

1)  Industrial production of MgSo4,CaSo4, Mg(OH)² > Reaction                                     1)  Mgcl² + Ca(OH)²  ----->  Mg(OH)² +                                                            CaCl² 2)  Cacl² + H²So4  ------>  CaSo4 + 2HCL 3)  MgCl² + H²So4 ------> MgSo4 + 2HCL > Process  - In the industrial production of MgSo4 & CaSo4 first of all mixed salt bittern is first taken in a reactor. - Ca( OH)² from line treatment tank is also charge into the reactor. - Due to reactor precipitation of the Mg(OH)² is obtained. - filter the mass in filter press to remove precipitation of Mg(OH)² which is dry pulverised & packed. - Filtrate is further taken in a trea...