Industrial chemistry

> Introduction - A substance while is increase or decrease the rate of reaction whithout taken in part any reaction is known as catalyst - The mechanism of catalysis the freeenergy of activation is dowered by the presence of catalyst - The catalst is promoting the reverde  reaction for example. platinum - For the platinum is effective catalyst for the oxidation of Co² & Co³ they also found speedly decomposition of So³ in to So² & O² -  The rate of reaction decrese by the presence of catalyst is called negative catalyst -  For Example Nitric Oxide, Iodines 2.) Types Of Catalytic Reaction  - There are two types of catalytic reation...    1) Homogeneous Catalyst     2) Heterogeneous Catalyst - let us consider that a non catalytic biomolecular reaction proceed as follows.. A) Homogeneous Catalyst  -  When the catalyst & raection substances are in the same phase is called homogeneous catalyst. ...

> Pepar  Chromatography  - Papar Choromatography is an  analytical methad used to separate colour chemical or subdance  - Paper chromatography is usefull for the separating complox mixture of compound having similar properly for e.g amino acid. - The molecule phase is a solution that travell up the stationany phase due to capillany action - The moleculer phase is generally an  alcohol Solvent mixed up. whild the stationany Phase a strip of chromatography paper - cellulose filter paper is oftean used as the stationadiy phase in papar chromatography - Since it is hydu1ophilic it is usually covered with a then field of water. >  Porinciple - This techiques is a type of partition chromatography in which the substance are distributed betweern two liguid conce is Stationary liquid usually (wateor)which is held in filter of the paper & called the Stationory Phase, the other is the moving liquid or developing solvent &...

   > Introduction - Cement is a general term given to the powder materials. - Which intially have plastic flow when mixed with water or other liquids but has the property of setting to ahard solid structure in several hours with varying degrees of strength and bonding propertic - Greeks,roman & Egyptian used volcanic staf such as pozzuolanic cement a volcanic tufa obtainear pozzuolanic in iatail. - This types of natural cement may be regardil as a mixture of burnt duplicates & lime. - The acidic siliceous matter combines with Ca(OH²)during the setting of natural cement. - Portland cement is chemically defined as the finally ground mixture of calcium aluminates & silicates of varying composition which hydrate when mixed with water to from a rigid solid structure with good compressive strength. - Portland cement is a mixture of following compound C²S, C³S, C³A, C4AF, MgO, CaO >  There are various types of portland cement some o...

- GC Specially GLC involves a sample being vapourized and injected on to the head. of the chromatography columm - The sample is transpotted through the column by the flow of inert goses mobile Phase the column it self  contain a liquid Stationary phase which is adsorb on to the surface of an inert solid. >  Instotumentation  - Although many commerical variation   are available badsically all GC whenther GLC & GSC consist of six basic component. 1)  A carrier gas 2) A Sample imjection system 3) The Separation column 4) One or:more detector 5) Thermostate: chamber for the temp. & regulation of the columm & detestor 6) A amplification & recorder system 1)  A Carrier  gas  -  The carrier gas must be chemintcally inert - commonlly used gases include N²,Ar & CO² - The choice carrier gas is of ten depend ant upon the types of detector which is used - The carrier gas system also comtain m...

> Methanol-Via Hydrogenation Product  >  Process  - Methanol is sythesized by the reaction of hydrogen and carborn monoxide under high Pressure - The reactant hydrogen and carbon monoxide are obtoined in a variety of weight from different raw material. - A common source is reformed naturalgas. - In this case natural gas that has been desulphuoized by passage over activated carborn is pre-heated and mixed with carnon dioxide and steam at 30 PSI. - The mixtue is pass in to heated alloy Steel tube im furnace. - The reaction which take- Place at 800°c is essentialy. 3CH4 + CO2 + 2H2O → 4C0+8 - The resulting synthesis gas is cooled by passes through waste heat boileor various heat exchanger and water cooler. - Regardless of the source of the carborb monoxide hydrogen mixture the ratio is odjusted to so that appooximate the theoretical ratio is obtained (2 vohmo of hydrogen to 1 volume of carbon monexide). - The mix gases are compuresed in multi-...

> Evoporated Cystallser  - It is a circulating Liquid evaporating  with help of steam The consist of a crystallizing chamber containg a back of forming and growing cutystal. - Criculatng from external heater for heating the solution with the help of condensing heat and the vapour. - The solution from the curystallising chamber pump by circulating from on the suction side of which the feed solution forming a small part of the total circulating liquid is introduced in to a beater where it is heated by Steam. - Fed to a vapour had where in some of the solution of vapor resulting in to some degree of the supersatutation . - Neucleation takes place in the cryatal Phase which is maintain in a fluidised phase. - The nuclei foumed cirtculated with the other liquid & once they grow sufficien  large they will be retained in the fludised bed. - when the crystals grow to a required Size they will be with drawn as product from the bottom of the cutystallising....